Even when women and men have the same skill level, wages of women are lower than men's: wage gaps vary between 12% and 19% depending on the skill level. In the total economy, women are paid less than men even when they have the same education and the same occupational position. Depending on their educational level, they earn between almost 2% (elementary school teaching certificate) and 18% (university) less than men. In the same occupational position, women's salaries are 7% (no management responsibilities) and 17% (top, upper and middle management) lower than men's.
